Bio-oil aqueous phase as a laccase inducer in Pleurotus ostreatus: Laccase properties and applications

Author(s): Elmin Rahic, Cooper Hess, Robert Brown, Zhiyou Wen

Abstract:

The aqueous phase (AP) generated through biomass pyrolysis is commonly regarded as a waste stream, as its dilute and toxic properties pose a challenge towards its valorization. This study investigated the prospects of using AP as an inducer for laccase production from white-rot fungi. Experimental results show AP addition resulted in a 7- and 2.9-fold increase in laccase production relative to no inducer and a copper inducer, respectively. By adding copper and AP together, a laccase yield of 954.5 U/g was obtained. The AP-induced laccase was further evaluated for various applications. Alone, the laccase was effective in decolorizing coomassie blue dye, increasing saccharification yield from prairie biomass, and in detoxifying tetracycline. When AP was used as a laccase mediator, the laccase was also capable of decolorizing crystal violet dye, showing that AP not only induces laccase production, but can also mediate certain reactions. Overall, these findings suggest that laccase production could be a promising method of valorizing AP.

Funder: USDA NIFA

Award Title:

Consortium for Cultivating Human And Naturally reGenerative Enterprises: Grass2Gas

Award Number: 2020-68012-31824

Keywords:

bio-oil aqueous phase, biochar, coomassie blue, crystal violet, laccase, methyl orange, Pleurotus ostreatus

Project (Abbreviated name):

G2G_Wen_laccase_fermentation_application

Team: Grass2Gas

Families:

Bovidae, Pleurotaceae, Pseudomonadaceae

Species:

Bos taurus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pseudomonas putida

Full Metadata:

G2G_Wen_laccase_fermentation_application Metadata.pdf (424.17 KB)

Data Mirror:

Data Table Column Names and Descriptions

Table name	Column name	Data type	Units	Column description
data.dataset_AP_and_prairie_biomass_characteristics	bio oil aqueous phase	float	NA	The value of the characteristic for the aqueous phase of bio-oil, expressed in the units listed under 'unit'.
data.dataset_AP_and_prairie_biomass_characteristics	dataset AP and prairie biomass characteristics pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_AP_and_prairie_biomass_characteristics	prairie biomass	float	NA	The value of the characteristic for the prairie biomass, expressed in the units listed under 'unit'.
data.dataset_AP_and_prairie_biomass_characteristics	property	string	NA	The property being described.
data.dataset_AP_and_prairie_biomass_characteristics	unit	string	NA	The unit that applies to the measurement listed in 'bio_oil_aqueous_phase' or 'prairie_biomass'.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	AP concentration uL per mL	float	NA	The concentration of bio-oil aqueous phase used in the decolorization in micro-liters per milliliter.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	dataset dye decolor by AP and laccase conc pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	decolorization percent mean	float	percent	The mean percent decolorization among three trials at each combination of laccase and bio-oil aqueous phase concentrations.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	decolorization percent st dev	float	percent	The standard deviation of the mean percent decolorization among three trials at each combination of laccase and bio-oil aqueous phase concentrations.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	dye	string	NA	The dye being tested for decolorization.
data.dataset_dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc	laccase concentration units per L	float	NA	The concentration of laccase used in the decolorization in units-per-liter. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_AP_and_copper_conc	AP percent weight	float	percent	The assigned concentration of bio-oil aqueous phase by percent weight.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_AP_and_copper_conc	copper g per L	float	gramPerLiter	The assigned concentration of copper sulfate in grams per liter.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_AP_and_copper_conc	dataset laccase yield by AP and copper conc pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_AP_and_copper_conc	laccase actual units per g	float	NA	The measured laccase yield, expressed in units of laccase activity per gram of colonized prairie biomass. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_AP_and_copper_conc	laccase predicted units per g	float	NA	The predicted laccase yield, expressed in units of laccase activity per gram of colonized prairie biomass. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	dataset laccase yield by inducer concentration pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	dilution	float	number	The number of times the sample was diluted before testing to keep absorbances within the range that could be read by the spectrophotometer.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	inducer concentration	string	NA	Substance and concentration added to Pleurotus ostreatus culture to induce the production of laccase.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per gram prairie biomass	float	NA	Laccase yield expressed as units of laccase activity per gram of colonized prairie biomass. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per gram prairie biomass mean	float	NA	The mean laccase yield across two samples and three replicates, expressed as units of laccase activity per gram of colonized prairie biomass. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per gram prairie biomass st dev	float	NA	The standard deviation of the mean laccase yield across two samples and three replicates, expressed as units of laccase activity per gram of colonized prairie biomass. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per sample	float	NA	The measured laccase yield, expressed in units of laccase activity per sample. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per sample accounting for dilution	float	NA	The laccase yield after accounting for dilution, expressed in units of laccase activity per sample.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	laccase units per sample accounting for dilution mean	float	NA	The mean per-sample laccase yield across samples, after accounting for dilution, expressed in units of laccase activity. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	r squared	float	NA	The proportion of the variation in the absorbances that was predictable from the reaction time along the best fit line. In other words, how well the slope fit the data.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	replicate	integer	dimensionless	The label of the flask in which the induction was performed. Control (no inducer) flasks had repeated flask numbering, but were distinct from flasks containing inducer.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	sample	float	number	Two samples were taken from each flask at each timestep.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration	slope	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	dataset laccase yield by reagent pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	induction stage time hours	integer	hour	Hours elapsed since initiation of the induction phase.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	laccase yield ABTS measured	float	NA	The laccase yield using ABTS as a reagent, measured at the indicated reaction time, reported in units per mL of fermentate (colonized biomass plus water and AP). One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	laccase yield ABTS proportion of max	float	NA	The laccase yield using ABTS as a reagent, measured at the indicated reaction time, reported as proportion of the maximum yield attained during this experiment.
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	laccase yield DMP measured	float	NA	The laccase yield using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol as a reagent, measured at the indicated reaction time, reported in units per mL of fermentate (colonized biomass plus water and AP).
data.dataset_laccase_yield_by_reagent	laccase yield DMP proportion of max	float	NA	The laccase yield using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol as a reagent, measured at the indicated reaction time, reported as proportion of the maximum yield attained during this experiment.
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	AP mL per L	float	milliliterPerLiter	Assigned concentration of aqueous phase (AP) of bio-oil added to the incubation was an assigned treatment. Expressed in milliliters per liter.
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	OD600 absorbance	float	NA	An indication of cell growth measured at an absorbance of 600 nm with a GENESYS 180 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	dataset p putida growth by AP and tetracycline conc pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	growth time hours	float	hour	The number of hours of incubation prior to sampling.
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	tetracycline mg per L	float	milligramPerLiter	The concentration of tetracycline added to the incubation expressed in milligrams per liter.
data.dataset_p_putida_growth_by_AP_and_tetracycline_conc	treatment	string	NA	Addition of laccase or no addition of laccase was an assigned treatment.
data.dataset_prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP	AP uL per g	integer	NA	The assigned concentration of bio-oil aqueous phase, at concentrations between 0 and 720 microliters per gram prairie biomass.
data.dataset_prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP	dataset prairie biomass glucose by laccase and AP pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP	glucose yield weight proportion mean	float	gramPerGram	The glucose yield after pre-treatement and digestion expressed as the mean of six split-replicates in grams glucose per grams prairie biomass.
data.dataset_prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP	glucose yield weight proportion st dev	float	gramPerGram	The variablity in glucose yield after pre-treatement and digestion expressed as the standard deviation of the mean of six split-replicates in grams glucose per grams prairie biomass.
data.dataset_prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP	treatment	string	NA	Prairie biomass saccharification was tested with treatments of added laccase and no added laccase.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	absorbance mean	float	NA	Mean protein concentration between two replicates, expressed as absorbance.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	absorbance rep 1	float	NA	Protein concentration of replicate 1, expressed as absorbance.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	absorbance rep 2	float	NA	Protein concentration of replicate 2, expressed as absorbance.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	conversion mg per L per absorbance	float	NA	A conversion factor for translating absorbance to protein milligrams per liter.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	dataset reducing capacity and protein concentration pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	hours	integer	hour	Hours elapsed since initiation of the induction phase.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	protein concentration mg per L mean	float	milligramPerLiter	Mean protein concentration between two replicates, expressed as milligrams per liter.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	protein concentration mg per L st dev	float	milligramPerLiter	Standard deviation of the mean of protein concentration between two replicates, expressed as milligrams per liter.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	reducing capacity mg per L gallic acid equivalent mean	float	milligramPerMilliliter	The mean reducing capacity, expressed in units of milligrams per milliliters of gallic acid equivalent.
data.dataset_reducing_capacity_and_protein_concentration	reducing capacity mg per L gallic acid equivalent st dev	float	milligramPerMilliliter	The standard deviation of the mean reducing capacity, expressed in units of milligrams per milliliters of gallic acid equivalent.
data.dataset_relative_laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp	dataset relative laccase activity by inducer and temp pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_relative_laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp	inducer	string	NA	The substance added to colonized prairie biomass to induce the production of laccase.
data.dataset_relative_laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp	laccase activity proportion of max mean	float	NA	The proportion of the maximum observed laccase activity value among inducer and temperature combinations as a mean of three samples of this combination.
data.dataset_relative_laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp	laccase activity proportion of max st dev	float	NA	The standard deviation of the mean proportion of the maximum observed laccase activity value among inducer and temperature combinations within the three samples of this combination.
data.dataset_relative_laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp	temperature Celsius	integer	celsius	The assigned temperature of the laccase induction in degrees Celsius.
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	actual improvement percent mean	float	percent	The percent change relative to the control condition (no laccase).
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	actual value total glucose percent weight mean	float	gramPerGram	The glucose yield, expressed in units of grams glucose per grams prairie biomass.
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	dataset saccharification yield by temp and laccase pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	laccase units per g	float	NA	The assigned laccase concentration, reported in units per gram of colonized prairie biomass.
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	predicted improvement percent mean	float	percent	The predicted percent improvement in glucose yield using a central composite design.
data.dataset_saccharification_yield_by_temp_and_laccase	temperature Celsius	float	celsius	The assigned incubation temperature in degrees Celsius.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	AP concentration uL per mL	float	NA	The concentration of bio-oil aqueous phase used in the decolorization in micro-liters per milliliter.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	absorption 0 hours mean	float	NA	Dye concentration at 0-hours incubation measured with a GENESYS 180 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) at peak wavelengths of 595 nm (Crystal Violet), 465 nm (Coomassie Blue), and 465 nm (Methyl Orange).
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	absorption 12 hours mean	float	NA	The mean dye concentration at twelve hours measured with a GENESYS 180 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) at peak wavelengths of 595 nm (Crystal Violet) , 465 nm (Coomassie Blue), and 465 nm (Methyl Orange).
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	decolorization percent	float	percent	The ending absorbance subtracted from the starting absorbance, divided by the starting absorbance.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	decolorization percent mean	float	percent	The mean percent decolorization among three trials at each combination of laccase and bio-oil aqueous phase concentrations.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	dye	string	NA	The dye being tested for decolorization.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	dye decolor by AP and laccase conc raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.dye_decolor_by_AP_and_laccase_conc_raw	laccase concentration units per L	float	NA	The concentration of laccase used in the decolorization in units-per-liter. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the quantity of laccase required to oxidize 1 micro-mol of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) per min.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 0 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 120 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 150 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 180 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 210 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 30 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 60 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	absorbance 90 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	dilution factor	float	number	The number of times the sample was diluted before testing to keep absorbances within the range that could be read by the spectrophotometer.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	inducer	string	NA	The substance added to prairie biomass to induce the production of laccase.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	laccase activity by inducer and pH raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	pH	float	dimensionless	The assigned pH level.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	r squared	float	NA	The proportion of the variation in the absorbances that was predictable from the reaction time along the best fit line. In other words, how well the slope fit the data.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	sample	float	number	The sample pipetted from the experimental flask to measure absorbance over time. Multiple samples were run to reduce measurement error.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	slope	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	slope accounting for dilution	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_pH_raw	slope accounting for dilution mean	float	NA	The mean slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor, by treatment combination.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 0 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 120 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 150 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 180 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 210 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 240 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 30 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 60 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	absorbance 90 seconds	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	dilution factor	float	number	The number of times the sample was diluted before testing to keep absorbances within the range that could be read by the spectrophotometer.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	inducer	string	NA	The substance added to prairie biomass to induce the production of laccase.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	laccase activity by inducer and temp raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	laccase proportion of max mean	float	NA	The proportion of the maximum observed laccase activity value among inducer and temperature combinations as a mean of three samples of this combination.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	laccase proportion of max st dev	float	NA	The standard deviation of the mean proportion of the maximum observed laccase activity value among inducer and temperature combinations within the three samples of this combination.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	r squared	float	NA	The proportion of the variation in the absorbances that was predictable from the reaction time along the best fit line. In other words, how well the slope fit the data.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	sample	float	number	The sample pipetted from the experimental flask to measure absorbance over time. Multiple samples were run to reduce measurement error.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	slope	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	slope accounting for dilution	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	slope accounting for dilution mean	float	NA	The mean slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor, by treatment combination.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	slope accounting for dilution st dev	float	NA	The standard deviation of the mean slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor, by treatment combination.
data.laccase_activity_by_inducer_and_temp_raw	temperature Celsius	integer	celsius	The assigned temperature of the laccase induction in degrees Celsius.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	inducer concentration	string	NA	Substance and concentration added to Pleurotus ostreatus culture to induce the production of laccase.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	laccase yield by inducer concentration and time raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	replicate	integer	dimensionless	The label of the flask in which the induction was performed. Control (no inducer) flasks had repeated flask numbering, but were distinct from flasks containing inducer.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 0	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 120	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 150	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 180	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 210	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 240	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 30	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 60	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	seconds 90	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_inducer_concentration_and_time_raw	sub sample	float	number	Two samples were taken from each flask at each timestep.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	culture time hours	integer	hour	Time since inoculation in hours.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	dilution factor	integer	number	The number of times the sample was diluted before testing to keep absorbances within the range that could be read by the spectrophotometer.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	laccase yield by reagent raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	mean slope times dilution	float	NA	The slope of the best fit line drawn through absorbance by reaction time multiplied by the dilution factor.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	reagent	string	NA	The reagent used to measure laccase activity.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	replicate	float	number	Each reagent was replicated three times, for a total of six flasks.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 0	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 120	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 180	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 30	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 60	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	seconds 90	float	NA	Spectrophotometer absorbance at the indicated reaction time. Absorbance through time was used to calculate laccase yield using the equation provided in the Analysis subsection of Methods.
data.laccase_yield_by_reagent_raw	slope r squared	float	NA	The proportion of the variation in the absorbances that was predictable from the reaction time along the best fit line. In other words, how well the slope fit the data.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	AP uL per g	integer	NA	The aqueous phase of bio-oil was added to pre-treated prairie biomass at concentrations between 0 and 720 microliters per gram prairie biomass.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose mg per mL	float	milligramPerMilliliter	Glucose concentration of the sample with the indicated laccase treatment and bio-oil aqueous phase concentration.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose mg per mL split replicate mean	float	milligramPerMilliliter	The glucose_mg_per_mL averaged over the two split-replicates.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose total mg split replicate mean	float	milligram	The total mass of sugar in the split-replicate sample in milligrams. Found by multiplying by the reaction volume.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose yield g per g replicate mean	float	gramPerGram	The mean glucose yield for each condition after averaging split-replicates reported in grams glucose per gram prairie biomass.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose yield g per g replicate st dev	float	gramPerGram	The standard deviation of the mean glucose yield for each condition after averaging split-replicates reported in grams glucose per gram prairie biomass.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	glucose yield g per g split replicate mean	float	gramPerGram	The split-replicate mean glucose yield in grams glucose per grams prairie biomass.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	prairie biomass g	float	gram	The mass of the dried prairie biomass added to the split-replicate digestion trial.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	prairie biomass g split replicate mean	float	gram	The mean prairie_biomass_g over the split_replicates.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	prairie biomass glucose by laccase and AP raw pkey	integer	dimensionless	A unique primary key for this table.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	pre treatment	string	NA	Prairie biomass saccharification (pre-treatment) was tested with and without laccase.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	replicate	float	number	Each combination of pre-treatment and AP_uL_per_g was replicated in separate flasks three times.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	split replicate	float	number	Two split-replicate digestion trials were created from each pre-treatment replicate.
data.prairie_biomass_glucose_by_laccase_and_AP_raw	volume split replicate mL	float	milliliter	The reaction volume of the split-replicate in milliliters.